Screening Therapeutic Agents Specific to Breast Cancer Stem Cells Using a Microfluidic Single‐Cell Clone‐Forming Inhibition Assay

Screening Therapeutic Agents Specific to Breast Cancer Stem Cells Using a Microfluidic Single‐Cell Clone‐Forming Inhibition Assay

  一种单细胞阵列芯片,以用于药物筛选。

Introduction

  癌症干细胞(cancer stem cells, CSCs)具有分化和自我更新、高肿瘤形成能力、传统癌症治疗耐受性和开始转移的潜力。大多数当前的化疗方法不能消除CSCs,它们的价值不过是杀死主要形成肿瘤块的非CSCs。此外,由于这些药物缺乏选择性,会导致相当大的健康组织的损失。因此,传统的化疗方法只能提供短暂的康复。

  鉴于CSCs在确定肿瘤命运中的关键作用,因此特异性消除CSCs代表了一种合适的癌症治疗策略。CSCs在肿瘤细胞中只占很小的一部分,因此标准的细胞活性分析不能判定CSCs的回应。作者开发了一个微流控的单细胞分析用于筛选乳腺癌CSC特异性药剂。该分析基于拥有高密度的单细胞捕获阵列的微流控芯片,充分利用CSCs形成单细胞来源肿瘤球的能力,以区分和定量CSCs。通过单细胞克隆形成抑制测定法鉴定了CSC特异性试剂,通过选择性抑制肿瘤球形成,这表明化学试剂的CSC特异性。

上皮细胞通过EMT,可逆、短暂地变成类似间充质细胞的状态。在EMT期间,上皮细胞逐渐失去鹅卵石样上皮的外观,变成呈纺锤形间充质形态。大多数由此产生的间充质细胞可以反向恢复到上皮细胞状态,称为间质-上皮转分化(MET)。EMT在胚胎发生的特定阶段,如胃泌素合成、机体发育过程中组织生成和伤口愈合中发挥重要作用。此外,多种肿瘤的恶性进展,很可能都依赖于肿瘤细胞EMT的激活。在肿瘤进展过程中,这种双向转化状态赋予单个肿瘤细胞高度恶性。鉴于对化疗和免疫治疗的高度耐药性,探究EMT和准间质状态对临床治疗肿瘤有重要指导意义。

Figure 1.

  • (a)单细胞阵列微流控芯片和细胞捕获单元的示意图。
  • (b)单细胞阵列微流控芯片实物图。

Figure 2.

  • (a)合成图片显示了细胞在微流控芯片中被捕获。
  • (b)细胞捕获率和流速的关系,显示了最佳流速为0.12 mm/min。
  • (c)细胞捕获率和细胞密度的关系。

Figure 3.

  • (a)不同尺寸的捕获细胞示例,细胞直径从左到右分别为12、15、22和32 μm。
  • (b)MCF-7细胞在捕获前后的尺寸分布比较。

Figure 4.

  • (a)MCF7细胞的连续细胞生存率,可以看出在最初3天骤降,直到7天后稳定。
  • (b)MDA-MB-231,MCF-7和T47D细胞的单细胞来源克隆形成率。与传统的低粘附板单细胞球形成测试相比,结果没有显著性差异。
  • (c)连续的显微图片显示了芯片上单细胞来源肿瘤球的形成。

失巢凋亡(anoikis: suspension-induced apoptosis)

  正常的贴壁细胞如果长时间处于悬浮状态就会因“无家可归”而死亡。这是一种形式的细胞程序死亡,由与细胞外基质和其他细胞脱离接触而诱发的;这种细胞死亡形式在1994年被首次命名为失巢凋亡。失巢凋亡对维持机体组织稳定状态是不可缺少的,它的主要作用是防止细胞异常生长或细胞黏附到异常的细胞外基质上。抵抗失巢凋亡是肿瘤转移的一个特点,能使肿瘤细胞通过循环系统扩散到远处的其他器官。肿瘤细胞在脱离细胞外基质的黏附和细胞间的接触后,通过旁自分泌以及旁分泌机制抵抗凋亡得以存活,并重新获得附着能力得以扩散、转移和侵袭。

Figure 5.

  连续的暴露在不同抗癌试剂下的MCF-7细胞生存率。前两个是非CSCs特异性的药物。

Figure 6.

  三种细胞系中CSCs特异性(Thiostrepton,Salinomycin)和非特异性试剂(Paclitaxel,Doxorubicin)的CSCs清除率。

Figure 7.

  • (I)当细胞悬液注射时,顶层离开通道的出口打开,单细胞依次被细胞捕获位点捕获。
  • (II)细胞装载完毕后,底部主通道的出口打开并冲掉过量的液体。
  • (III)微芯片垂直放置,释放被捕获的细胞到培养室。
  • (IV)单细胞阵列可以长期灌注以进行细胞培养和化学处理。

Table 1.

不同抗癌试剂的CSC特异性
Cell lines Agents
Paclitaxel Doxorubicin Thiostrepton Salinomycin
MDA-MB-231 3.57 3.03 100.00 11.11
MCF-7 2.27 1.69 33.33 20.00
T47D 0.54 8.33 1.88 5.88

Conclusion

  提出了一种高通量微流控单细胞检测方法,专门用于筛选具有CSCs特异性的抗癌药物。单细胞测定的整个过程,包括细胞捕获,细胞培养,CSCs鉴定和克隆形成抑制测定,均在同一设备上完成。微流体方法可以生成高密度的单细胞阵列,并且可以通过利用其从单个细胞形成肿瘤球的能力来鉴定CSCs,以及通过单细胞克隆形成抑制分析鉴定了CSCs特异试剂。

Other Information

Short TandemRepeat

  主要用于细胞鉴定,参考科普

Reference

Lin D, Li P, Feng J, et al. Screening Therapeutic Agents Specific to Breast Cancer Stem Cells Using a Microfluidic Single-Cell Clone-Forming Inhibition Assay[J]. Small, 2020, 16(9): 1901001.

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